AI-made — please help correct faster-whisper small int8 + clean-pass
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00:00:00 #1 Waces of comfort throughout the world.
00:00:15 #2 However, the earth offers few pleasures for most of its inhabitants.
00:00:19 #3 For his 10,000 years of grumbling a living off the planet,
00:00:23 #4 man has found life for the most part to be cruel.
00:00:26 #5 Disenchantment abounds, fatigue, hunger and cold.
00:00:30 #6 However, nature almost as an afterthought softened her terms.
00:00:34 #7 She sprinkled the harsh earth with a variety of plants,
00:00:37 #8 each offering momentary escape, a passport from reality.
00:00:41 #9 Their protective effects have been known since the time of the ancients.
00:00:47 #10 In virtually any of the hot countries of the world, where the soil is fertile,
00:01:11 #11 and farmers still employ the oldest methods of cultivation,
00:01:15 #12 purish is a plant scientifically known as paparous omniferum,
00:01:19 #13 more commonly known as the opium poppy.
00:01:22 #14 Its pods contain a milky fluid that for centuries provided the raw material
00:01:26 #15 for one of the most demoralizing and dissipating vices in the world.
00:01:31 #16 Known as far back as 4000 BC, use of opium historically centered on the Mediterranean.
00:01:40 #17 Eventually Arab and Persian traders introduced the mystic wonders of the poppy to all the communities with whom they bartered.
00:01:47 #18 By the 16th century, India was cultivating it.
00:01:51 #19 In the 17th century, China discovered the euphoric delights that came from smoking it.
00:01:57 #20 Opium dens set back in sinister alleys first throughout the Far East.
00:02:02 #21 Even though millions of Chinese were thrust into moral and physical degradation, the use of opium was actually romanticized in literature by Edgar Allen Poe, Thomas DeQuincy, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, all brilliant writers, and each an opium taker.
00:02:18 #22 Its use had become such a problem in China that the emperor issued edict after edict forbidding its import.
00:02:28 #23 In spite of this, in the 1800s, British and American sea captains bought shiploads of
00:02:34 #24 opium at the great auctions in Calcutta and traded them illicitly at Chinese seaports.
00:02:42 #25 Then the emperor cracked down.
00:02:44 #26 In 1838 in one hall he confiscated six million dollars worth of opium from the British
00:02:49 #27 ships at Cantal.
00:02:53 #28 England retaliated with the naval squadron and the notorious opium wars were on.
00:02:59 #29 Although she would be censured in the eyes of the world, the war enabled Britain to force
00:03:03 #30 a treaty, giving her the greatest port in the Far East, Hong Kong, as well as unrestricted
00:03:16 #31 opium trade for her enterprising sea captains.
00:03:19 #32 Then, in the 19th century, a German refinement.
00:03:24 #33 Through a relatively simple chemical process, raw opium was transformed into morphine base.
00:03:31 #34 In 1898, another refinement from Germany.
00:03:35 #35 The morphine base came the derivative, heroin.
00:03:39 #36 It took at least 60 centuries to bring poppies euphoric effects from the cradle of civilization
00:03:44 #37 all the way to the opium pipes in Canton.
00:03:49 #38 But within only a few decades, modern science was able to funnel the poppies' impact
00:03:54 #39 straight into the central nervous system in one cool blast.
00:04:01 #40 Today, thousands of prisons and hospitals all over the world are crowded with patients
00:04:06 #41 who have experimented with the poppy's final derivative
00:04:10 #42 and who have become addicted to it.
00:04:16 #43 It's astronomical profits on the street corners
00:04:19 #44 of the Ginza in Tokyo, the Piccadilly Circus in London,
00:04:24 #45 and the Great White Way in New York
00:04:26 #46 have made it the world's number one illicit commodity.
00:04:30 #47 A deck of heroin sold on a metropolitan sidewalk
00:04:33 #48 is the final transaction in a long series
00:04:36 #49 of closely guarded clandestine operations.
00:04:41 #50 Charles Serragusa, former Deputy Commissioner of Narcotics,
00:04:45 #51 has firsthand knowledge of all of them.
00:04:47 #52 The illicit narcotic traffic, the route of it,
00:04:51 #53 is not quite as complex as it would appear.
00:04:54 #54 Turkey still remains as the principal source
00:04:57 #55 of the raw material, which is opium.
00:05:00 #56 The opium is in process at the morphine base,
00:05:03 #57 sometimes in Turkey, other times in Syria,
00:05:07 #58 and Beirut and Lebanon.
00:05:09 #59 The French now have control of the Lebanese market.
00:05:12 #60 They've been associated with them in the old sorts of illicit
00:05:16 #61 international records for many years.
00:05:19 #62 The Lebanese, the salt-of-morthing base of the French.
00:05:23 #63 And these French Corsicans, who have had the traditional ties
00:05:26 #64 with them for many, many years, arranged for the smuggling
00:05:29 #65 of the morphing base into France.
00:05:32 #66 The Marseille is the capital of the Corsican underworld
00:05:36 #67 for all of France.
00:05:39 #68 Once in Marseille, chemists take over, converting morphine base into heroin.
00:05:44 #69 This is the most difficult phase of the entire industry.
00:05:48 #70 Skilled chemists are not easy to find.
00:05:51 #71 A Turkish farmer sells 10 kilos of raw opium for about 22 pounds
00:05:57 #72 for $350 on the black market.
00:06:00 #73 Through conversion, it is reduced to one kilo of heroin, now worth $3,500.
00:06:06 #74 I had got to sell a heroin, the ones with the customers in the United States, the mafia
00:06:13 #75 hoods, mostly in New York City, Chicago, the West Coast.
00:06:19 #76 Heroin, in its relatively pure form, enters the United States in a variety of ways.
00:06:25 #77 The port of New York is by far the most common route and is the main target for a narcotic
00:06:31 #78 bureau of investigators working hand in hand with customs inspectors.
00:06:36 #79 An estimated two tons of pure heroin is annually smuggled into the states and it's considered
00:06:42 #80 a good year when the inspectors manage to intercept a hundred pounds of it.
00:06:48 #81 Smuggling is a fine art and the Corsicans are considered to be the finest practitioners
00:06:53 #82 in the world.
00:06:54 #83 Today the automobile is a favorite hiding place and there is hardly a part of the chassis
00:06:59 #84 or body that is not at one time or another offered concealment for big heroin shipments.
00:07:05 #85 The second major port of entry in the United States is the Mexican border.
00:07:13 #86 This is the main entrance for illicit marijuana shipments,
00:07:16 #87 but a good supply of heroin slips through as well.
00:07:20 #88 We are in our vault in which all the marijuana and heroin,
00:07:25 #89 which is seized, is stored,
00:07:28 #90 until the criminal case against the defendants
00:07:32 #91 is terminated by federal court action.
00:07:36 #92 This contraband is concealed in most ingenious ways in vehicles, non-persons.
00:07:42 #93 In fact, you can name a place that you feel contraband could be concealed,
00:07:47 #94 and I can cite you an instance where we have found it there.
00:07:50 #95 Some months ago, we encountered a young fellow entering the United States from Mexico
00:07:56 #96 eating an ice cream cone, revealed that he had an ounce of heroin concealed in the ice cream cone.
00:08:04 #97 In this area we also have a number of yachts, some 5,000 private yachts based in this area,
00:08:11 #98 all of which have the facility or capability of going to Mexican waters.
00:08:17 #99 This poses quite a threat as do the increasing number of private aircraft crossing the international boundaries.
00:08:24 #100 Once the heroin reaches its American distributors, it is blended with milk sugar
00:08:38 #101 and is cut at least one more time by the peddler himself.
00:08:42 #102 The heroin strength is now only 5% normal for the retail market.
00:08:57 #103 Each packet or deck will sell for $5.
00:09:02 #104 Thus the original 22 pounds of raw opium sold by a Turkish farmer for $350
00:09:08 #105 is eventually worth on the sidewalks of Manhattan over $410,000
00:09:15 #106 and in a panic half a million.
00:09:29 #107 This is the focal point of hard drug addiction in the United States.
00:09:33 #108 The urban ghettos house nearly three-fourths of the hardcore addicts with New York's
00:09:38 #109 teeming slums far out in front. The traffic starts in Manhattan, more readily
00:09:46 #110 obtainable in Manhattan, especially in the Harlem area, up around Lexington Avenue
00:09:52 #111 from about 97 to around 135th Street, 116th Street, running east to west
00:09:59 #112 completely, higher than 25th Street, and so many other spots probably take me all day to name them all.
00:10:08 #113 America's known heroin population of over 60,000 collectively shoots nearly two tons of opiates a year.
00:10:16 #114 More than half live within the tenement shadows of Harlem and the Bronx.
00:10:20 #115 When I first came to Israel in 1948, it was primarily a large Italian and Puerto Rican community.
00:10:31 #116 For our part, as far as the young, the kids, or the adolescents were concerned, it was constant warfare.
00:10:39 #117 There were many, many gangs and it might be said that gangs were the main problem in
00:10:49 #118 East Harlem then.
00:10:51 #119 There was much bloodshed and the ironic thing is that the only thing that united Italians
00:11:01 #120 and Puerto Ricans together were the use of drugs.
00:11:06 #121 For the ghetto-dweller heroin is a desperate bid for freedom and escape from the despair of the tenement prison
00:11:17 #122 after getting married
00:11:19 #123 sort of
00:11:22 #124 Couldn't meet up with the responsibilities that I had taken on
00:11:25 #125 And sort of felt the need to escape from these my first marriage. I've been married twice
00:11:32 #126 Has only lasted about four years
00:11:35 #127 Would continuously using drugs?
00:11:37 #128 I had two children.
00:11:39 #129 Right after my first marriage broke up,
00:11:42 #130 I was immediately married again.
00:11:45 #131 In fact, my first marriage broke up through meeting this other woman.
00:11:50 #132 I went along for about eight months not using drugs,
00:11:55 #133 and finally I come back to getting the feelings of, you know, trying to escape again.
00:12:04 #134 and I started using drugs eight months after my second marriage.
00:12:10 #135 I feel that the main problem in the city at the time is environment.
00:12:17 #136 I would say that the good majority of the people that go on to heroin
00:12:20 #137 go on and as a result of their environment,
00:12:23 #138 the people they know, their friends,
00:12:25 #139 the ready availability to obtain it, and so forth.
00:12:30 #140 I started to use it. I started to sniff it just to be part of a group. I started to use it while I was in school.
00:12:37 #141 I woke up and I was addicted. I woke up and I was very sick and I didn't know what was bringing it about.
00:12:46 #142 But I did find out that as soon as I took some heroin through my nose, it felt normal.
00:12:54 #143 And once a follower of heroin, it may be years before he realizes or wants to admit to himself
00:13:03 #144 that he is indeed a junkie and that he is in need of help.
00:13:07 #145 A fellow can start on narcotics, I would say, at any age really, of course,
00:13:14 #146 and within a matter of being out at about four or six dollars a day,
00:13:22 #147 he can work his way up to a hundred dollars a day habit.
00:13:25 #148 I was using about over a hundred dollars a day.
00:13:28 #149 Everything I would get was to go through my arms.
00:13:32 #150 The Harrison Act of 1914, strengthened by a series of Treasury Department regulations,
00:13:39 #151 is the basic law restricting production and distribution of narcotics.
00:13:44 #152 Although the law does not refer to the addict himself,
00:13:47 #153 the implicit premise is that addiction is willful indulgence, meriting punishment.
00:13:53 #154 I feel that the people living in the metropolitan area are arrested more frequently
00:14:01 #155 and exposed to arrest the possibility of being jailed much more than the people in suburban
00:14:09 #156 areas.
00:14:10 #157 Well, the simple reason that a good majority of them, the majority of them come from poverty
00:14:16 #158 homes.
00:14:20 #159 In most cases, money for proper legal aid, although the city will provide them with some.
00:14:25 #160 Let me see what you look like.
00:14:29 #161 What do you know of the needle in your hand?
00:14:31 #162 Possession alone is sufficient evidence for conviction.
00:14:35 #163 anticipating raids, frequently concealed their day supply in a toy balloon, keeping it in their mouth.
00:14:41 #164 If apprehended, they swallow the evidence knowing that they can retrieve it later.
00:14:45 #165 An awful possession of needles and an awful possession of heroin.
00:14:51 #166 Following World War II, hard drug use, particularly among young people, was on the upswing.
00:14:57 #167 Public reaction surged, resulting in more stringent controls, stiffer penalties.
00:15:03 #168 The 1956 Narcotic Control Act spelled out the most severe and inflexible set of laws ever put on the federal books.
00:15:11 #169 Penalties for possession were only slightly less than those for selling.
00:15:19 #170 Probation was possible only on a first offense possession charge.
00:15:23 #171 The sentence was two to ten years.
00:15:26 #172 Second and third offenses and selling in any quantity, even soft drugs such as marijuana,
00:15:32 #173 brought terms up to 40 years with no chance for probation or parole.
00:15:38 #174 Selling heroin to a minor could bring a possible death penalty.
00:15:43 #175 At the same time the law was taking a harsher look at the addict, popular opinion began to swing back in his favor.
00:15:50 #176 Recognizing that he was not just a criminal, but a sick person, a pathetic tortured human being in need of help.
00:15:57 #177 The Narcotic Attic Rehabilitation Act of 1966 set forth a new national policy for treatment
00:16:08 #178 of addicts.
00:16:09 #179 At the core of the policy is the premise that addiction is an illness that should be treated,
00:16:15 #180 not a criminal act in itself.
00:16:18 #181 For the first time, federal law permitted addicts to apply for treatment instead of
00:16:22 #182 being prosecuted.
00:16:25 #183 At the Federal Narcotics Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky, bars that it restrained addicts
00:16:30 #184 for 33 years were removed.
00:16:32 #185 Dramatic proof of society's new attitude
00:16:35 #186 toward the wretched victims of the opium poppy.
00:16:39 #187 It became a major drug abuse research center
00:16:41 #188 administered by the National Institute of Mental Health.
00:16:47 #189 One of the distinctive contributions
00:16:50 #190 of the Narcotic Attic Rehabilitation Act of 1966
00:16:55 #191 is the fact that it authorizes us to provide
00:17:00 #192 up to as much as three years of aftercare supervised by professionals in the community
00:17:07 #193 in which the major emphasis is put on helping the addict to correct whatever inadequacies
00:17:15 #194 may have contributed to his addiction in the first place in order to maximize the likelihood
00:17:22 #195 of his adjustment when he returns home.
00:17:26 #196 Throughout the 1960s, many new treatment programs have been launched, in and out of government.
00:17:33 #197 Perhaps the most publicized is Synanon, a private organization founded and managed by ex-addicts.
00:17:41 #198 The best thing for people is people, and Synanon provides the environment to bring together people from all walks of life.
00:17:48 #199 We now have a thousand people in residence, well, four thousand people belong to our Synanon clubs,
00:17:53 #200 don't live here. Even from all walks of life. Newsmen, housewives, bricklayers, doctors,
00:17:58 #201 lawyers, and all people get together within the sit-on environment and talk, communicate
00:18:05 #202 to one another.
00:18:13 #203 Some programs take their philosophy right to the center of the action in the ghettos
00:18:18 #204 where drug abuse is rampant. Exodus House. Here, ex-addicts who have begun to remake
00:18:26 #205 their lives work closely with narcotic patients right in the community where the drugs are
00:18:31 #206 pushed and used. Day top village is typical of the halfway house concept where the attic is slowly
00:18:41 #207 eased back into society one step at a time. In community extension projects like SPAN,
00:18:49 #208 the attic meets with citizens on the outside. He holds frank discussions with them on a group
00:18:54 #209 basis. When he returns to his community, he is more than just a law abiding taxpayer.
00:19:00 #210 He is a civic leader, a doer, and activist. The drug problem in all its complex facets
00:19:08 #211 is a challenge to everyone. We are all potential drug takers, if not heroin, then
00:19:15 #212 tranquilizers, stimulants, sleeping pills, and alcohol. Even if we lived in the
00:19:24 #213 country's finest communities, our children at this moment may be experimenting with marijuana,
00:19:31 #214 hallucinogenics, andphetamines.
00:19:37 #215 Tight laws and stiff penalties are not the answer.
00:19:40 #216 The former narcotics commissioner admitted that the mass flow of hard drugs in the
00:19:44 #217 United States could not be stopped even by the collective enforcement of the customs
00:19:49 #218 inspectors, all the treasury agents, the FBI, and the combined strength of all the
00:19:55 #219 armed forces.
00:19:59 #220 There are essentially two ways to reduce the problem.
00:20:02 #221 First, by attacking it on the user's end.
00:20:05 #222 Continued research and public enlightenment
00:20:07 #223 will increase our understanding of the addict
00:20:10 #224 and his compulsion to escape through drugs.
00:20:15 #225 Secondly, beyond attacking the problem on the user's end,
00:20:18 #226 we must in a concert of nations
00:20:20 #227 attack it on the other end, the source.
00:20:23 #228 The plant itself, whether a poppy, Indian hemp,
00:20:27 #229 or the cocoa leaf,
00:20:28 #230 is grown out of economic necessity by farmers
00:20:31 #231 who are native to a land that offers little.
00:20:34 #232 The ever-existent black market price
00:20:36 #233 tempts the registered growers to overproduce,
00:20:39 #234 to conceal a part of their legitimate harvest
00:20:41 #235 and place it on the worldwide illicit markets.
00:20:45 #236 Studies sponsored by the United Nations
00:20:47 #237 have shown that in each country,
00:20:49 #238 there is a practical and profitable alternative
00:20:52 #239 to the narcotic harvest.
00:21:00 #240 In the region of Balbec, Lebanon,
00:21:03 #241 where 90% of the land was once planted
00:21:05 #242 with cannabis or marijuana, now grow commercial crops that benefit rather than destroy.
00:21:12 #243 Nature's strange gifts, which Thomas DeQuincey called the abyss of divine enjoyment,
00:21:18 #244 have been with us for 60 centuries.
00:21:20 #245 But only in the last 60 years have we released the truly lethal derivatives.