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00:00:53 #1 of New Guinea and the tropic heat of the Pacific Island in the sub-zero cold of the skies over
00:01:11 #2 Germany, in Burma and Iceland, the Philippines and Iran, France, in China and Italy, a mess
00:01:30 #3 fighting, fighting over an area extending seven-eighths of the way around the world.
00:01:37 #4 Men from the Green Hills of New England, the sun-baked plains of the Middle West,
00:01:44 #5 the cotton fields of the South, the close-packed streets,
00:01:48 #6 the teeming factories of Detroit, Los Angeles,
00:01:52 #7 the endless stretching distances of the Southwest,
00:01:55 #8 men's hills and from the plains, from the villages and from the cities,
00:02:01 #9 bookkeepers,
00:02:02 #10 soldiers, mechanics, college students, rich man, poor man, beggar man, thief, doctor, lawyer,
00:02:15 #11 merchant, chief, doctrine fighting man.
00:02:19 #12 Yet two years ago many had never fired a gun or seen the ocean or been off the ground.
00:02:26 #13 America is fighting for their country while half a world away from it.
00:02:32 #14 fighting for their country, and for more than their country, fighting for an ideal.
00:02:39 #15 The idea bigger than the country.
00:02:41 #16 Without the idea, the country might have remained only a wilderness.
00:02:46 #17 Without the country, the idea might have remained only a dream.
00:02:59 #18 Over this ocean, 1607, James Town, 1620, Clemeth Rock, here was America.
00:03:11 #19 The sea, the sky, the virgin continent.
00:03:15 #20 We came in search of freedom, facing unknown dangers rather than bend the knee or bow to
00:03:21 #21 tyranny.
00:03:25 #22 Out of the native oak and pine we built a house, a church, a watch tower.
00:03:32 #23 We cleared a field and there grew up a colony of flea citizens.
00:03:38 #24 We carved new states out of the Green Wilderness, Virginia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Carolina.
00:03:45 #25 Then came the first test in the defense of that liberty.
00:03:51 #26 1775, Lexington.
00:03:54 #27 Our leaders spoke our deepest needs.
00:03:57 #28 Colonists are by the law of nature freeborn, as indeed all men are.
00:04:03 #29 It is the right of the people to order or abolish it and to institute new government.
00:04:10 #30 These are the times that time ends so.
00:04:14 #31 But as for me, give me liberty or give me death.
00:04:19 #32 In the midst of battle it happened.
00:04:22 #33 The idea grew.
00:04:24 #34 The idea took form.
00:04:27 #35 Something new was expressed by men, a new and revolutionary doctor, the greatest creative
00:04:32 #36 force in human relations. All men are created equal. All men are entitled to the blessings
00:04:41 #37 of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That's the goal we set for ourselves. The
00:04:48 #38 feet meant hanging. Victory meant a world in which Americans rule themselves.
00:04:54 #39 1777, Valley Forge. We fought and froze, suffered and died for what? For the future freedom of all Americans.
00:05:07 #40 A few of us doubted and despaired. Most of us prayed and endured all.
00:05:15 #41 1781. Now we were a free independent nation. The new idea had won its first test. Now to pass it on to future Americans.
00:05:26 #42 The Constitution, the sacred charter of we the people, the blood and sweat of we the people,
00:05:33 #43 the life, liberty and happiness of we the people.
00:05:37 #44 The people were to rule, not some of the people, not the best people or the worst,
00:05:42 #45 not the rich people or the poor, but people, all the people.
00:05:47 #46 In this brotherhood America was born, one nation, indivisible with liberty and justice for all.
00:06:06 #47 He began his 13 states along the Atlantic seaboard.
00:06:10 #48 He pushed across the Alleghenies, the Ohio River, the Mississippi,
00:06:15 #49 the last bar range of the distant Rockies.
00:06:18 #50 We carried freedom with us.
00:06:20 #51 No aristocratic classes here, no kings, no nobles or princes,
00:06:26 #52 no state church, no courts, no parasites,
00:06:30 #53 no divine right of man to rule man.
00:06:32 #54 Here humanity was making a clean fresh start from scratch.
00:06:37 #55 Behind us we left new states, chips off the old blocks welded together by freedom.
00:06:43 #56 Until finally we were one nation, a land of hope and opportunity that had arisen out of a skeptical world.
00:07:16 #57 A light we're shining, freedom's light.
00:07:19 #58 From every country and every climate men saw that light and turned their faces toward it.
00:07:25 #59 Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free.
00:07:31 #60 The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
00:07:34 #61 Send these, the homeless, tempestors.
00:07:38 #62 I lift my lamp beside the golden door.
00:07:43 #63 I strangle to one another we came and built a country,
00:07:49 #64 and the country built us into Americans.
00:07:52 #65 This man of old nations was poured out to build anew.
00:07:56 #66 The sweat of our first settlers, the English, the Scots, the Dutch, building the workshop
00:08:04 #67 of New England, of the Italian in the south of minds of Louisiana, of the Frenchmen and
00:08:12 #68 the Swiss in the vineyards of California and New York state, of the Danes, the Norwegian,
00:08:19 #69 the sweet, seeding the good earth to make the Midwest bloom with grain, of the pole and the
00:08:26 #70 welch. Of the Negro harvesting cotton in the hot southern sun, of the Spangent, the first
00:08:38 #71 to roam the great southwest, of the Mexican in the oil fields of Texas and on the ranches
00:08:45 #72 of New Mexico, of the Greek and the Portuguese harvesting the crop the oceans give. Of
00:08:53 #73 of the German with his technical skill, of the Hungarian and the Russian, of the Irish,
00:09:00 #74 of the Chinese working side by side, the sweat of Americans and the great nation of the spirit.
00:09:08 #75 The Americans have been freely shared. Five times in our history have we withstood the
00:10:46 #76 challenge of the idea that made our nation, the idea of equality for all men, life,
00:10:53 #77 Liberty and the pursuit made us the people we are.
00:10:58 #78 Let's take a look at ourselves before we went into this war.
00:11:04 #79 Well, first of all, we're a working people.
00:11:07 #80 On the land, at the workbench, at a desk.
00:11:11 #81 And we're an invented people.
00:11:13 #82 The lightning rod, cotton gin, the telegraph,
00:11:17 #83 the blessed anesthesia of Ethan, the rotary printing press,
00:11:22 #84 the telephone, electric welding,
00:11:24 #85 The incandescent land, the submarine, the steam turbine, the motor driven airplane, the X-ray tube, the gyroscope compass, the sewing machine, television.
00:11:39 #86 All these and countless more bear witness to our inventiveness.
00:11:43 #87 And this inventiveness and enterprise, plus our hard-won democratic ideal of the greatest good for the greatest numbers,
00:11:59 #88 created for the average man the highest standard of living in the world.
00:12:03 #89 32.5 million registered automobiles,
00:12:06 #90 two-thirds of all the automobiles there are in the entire world.
00:12:11 #91 We demand the highest standards in sanitation,
00:12:14 #92 security of food, medical care.
00:12:17 #93 Our hospitals are models for the world of copy.
00:12:20 #94 We want the best for the average man, woman, or child, particularly child.
00:12:26 #95 We have reduced the hazard of being born.
00:12:29 #96 From then on we protect, foster, and generally spoil the majority of our children.
00:12:35 #97 But it doesn't seem to hurt them much.
00:12:37 #98 They go to schools, all kinds of schools.
00:12:40 #99 To kindergarten, public schools, private schools, trade schools, high schools, to 25,000 high schools, and to college.
00:12:52 #100 In the last war, 20% of all the men in the armed forces had been to high school or college.
00:12:57 #101 In this war, 63%.
00:13:00 #102 We're a great two weeks vacation people.
00:13:04 #103 We hunt.
00:13:07 #104 And we fish.
00:13:09 #105 Up north, down south, back east, out west.
00:13:13 #106 When the season opens, we hunt and fish.
00:13:16 #107 And we're a sports loving people.
00:13:19 #108 We're probably the travelingest nation in all history.
00:14:12 #109 We love to go places.
00:14:14 #110 We have the cars, we have the roads, we have the scenery.
00:14:18 #111 We don't need passports, but sometimes we need alibis.
00:14:23 #112 We sleep by the road, we eat by the road.
00:14:27 #113 The foreigner is enchanted and amazed by what we like to put on our stomachs.
00:14:31 #114 We're a great joining people.
00:15:11 #115 We join clubs, fraternity, union, federation.
00:15:16 #116 Shove a blanket as we'll sign up.
00:15:19 #117 Radios, we have one in the living room.
00:15:22 #118 A dining room.
00:15:26 #119 The bedroom.
00:15:28 #120 The bathroom.
00:15:31 #121 In our cars.
00:15:33 #122 In our hands.
00:15:35 #123 And up our sleeves.
00:15:39 #124 Your cigarette tastes different lately.
00:15:43 #125 Music? We couldn't be without it.
00:16:19 #126 The press? Yes, it's the biggest.
00:16:22 #127 But most important, it's the freest on Earth.
00:16:26 #128 Over 12,000 newspapers of all shades of opinion.
00:16:30 #129 Books on every conceivable subject.
00:16:32 #130 And more than 6,000 different magazines, not counting the comics.
00:16:38 #131 Churches? We have every denomination on Earth.
00:16:42 #132 50 million of us regularly attend and no one dares tell us which one to go to.
00:16:51 #133 We elect our own neighbors to govern us.
00:16:53 #134 We believe in individual enterprise and opportunity for men and women alike.
00:16:58 #135 We make mistakes.
00:17:01 #136 We see the results.
00:17:07 #137 We correct the mistakes.
00:17:10 #138 We skyrocket into false prosperity and then plummet down into false needless depression.
00:17:18 #139 In spite of everything, we never lose our faith in the future.
00:17:22 #140 We believe in the future.
00:17:24 #141 We build for the future.
00:17:26 #142 Yes, we build for the future.
00:17:29 #143 And the future always catches up with us.
00:17:31 #144 Before we're done building, we've developed something new and have to start rebuilding.
00:17:36 #145 That's roughly the kind of people we are.
00:17:39 #146 Boast, easygoing, sentimental, but underneath passionately dedicated to the ideal our forefathers
00:17:48 #147 passed on to us.
00:17:50 #148 The liberty and dignity of man.
00:17:52 #149 We've made great material profits, but spiritually we're still in the frontier days.
00:17:58 #150 Yet deep down within us there is a great yearning for peace and goodwill toward man.
00:18:04 #151 Somehow we feel that if men turn their minds toward the fields of peace as they have
00:18:09 #152 toward the fields of transportation, communication, or aviation.
00:18:14 #153 Wars would soon be as old fashioned as the horse and buggy days.
00:18:18 #154 We hate war.
00:18:19 #155 We know that in war it's the common man who does the pay, the suffering, the dying.
00:18:25 #156 We bend over backwards to avoid them.
00:18:28 #157 But let our freedoms be endangered, and we'll pay and suffer and fight to the last man.
00:18:35 #158 That is the America.
00:18:37 #159 That is the way of living, of which we fight today.
00:18:41 #160 Why?
00:18:42 #161 Is that fight necessary?
00:18:44 #162 Did we want war?
00:18:53 #163 1917, before most of you fighting men were born,
00:18:57 #164 our fathers fought the first world war
00:18:59 #165 to make the world safe for democracy, for the common man.
00:19:05 #166 They fought a good fight.
00:19:11 #167 There was to be no more war in their time
00:19:13 #168 or their children's time.
00:19:16 #169 Faithful to our treaty obligations,
00:19:18 #170 we destroyed much of our naval punish.
00:19:22 #171 Our army went on a reducing diet until it became
00:19:24 #172 little more than a skeleton.
00:19:26 #173 For us, war was to be outlawed.
00:19:29 #174 For us, Europe was far away.
00:19:33 #175 And as for Asia, well, that was really out of this world.
00:19:36 #176 Where everything looked like it was torn
00:19:38 #177 from the national geographic.
00:19:41 #178 Yet in this remote spot in Asia, in 1931,
00:19:45 #179 while most of you were playing ball in the sandlocks,
00:19:48 #180 This war started without warning Japan invaded Manchuria.
00:20:04 #181 Once again, men who were peaceful became the slaves of men who were violent.
00:20:10 #182 In Washington, DC, our Secretary of State made a most vigorous protest.
00:20:16 #183 The American government does not intend to recognize any situation,
00:20:20 #184 treaty or agreement, which may be brought about by means of aggression.
00:20:26 #185 But we, the people, hadn't much time to think about Manchuria.
00:20:29 #186 We were wrestling with the worst depression in our history.
00:20:32 #187 Some of us were out of jobs.
00:20:35 #188 Some of us stood in bread lines.
00:20:37 #189 Some of us suffered homemade aggression.
00:20:40 #190 Some of us were choked with dust.
00:20:44 #191 Some of us had no place to go.
00:20:47 #192 Two years later in 1933,
00:20:49 #193 while most of you were graduating from high school,
00:20:53 #194 we read that a funny little man called Hitler
00:20:56 #195 had come into power in Germany.
00:20:58 #196 We heard that a thing called the Nazi party had taken over today. We rule Germany tomorrow the world
00:21:35 #197 What kind of talk was that?
00:21:38 #198 It must be only hot air
00:21:43 #199 1935 about the time you had your first date
00:21:47 #200 We read that spreading Mussolini had attacked far off Ethiopia
00:21:51 #201 The disease seemed to be spreading so Congress assembled to insulate us against the growing friction of war
00:22:12 #202 We want no war
00:22:14 #203 We'll have no war,
00:22:16 #204 shaving defense of our own people or our own army.
00:22:21 #205 Toward this end, our chosen representatives passed the Neutrality Act.
00:22:28 #206 No nation at war could buy manufactured arms or munitions from the United States.
00:22:35 #207 1936, when you were running around in Jalapes.
00:22:40 #208 We were disturbed by news from Spain.
00:22:42 #209 In our newsreels, we saw German and Italian Air Forces and armies fighting in Spain
00:22:55 #210 and wondered what they were doing.
00:22:57 #211 For the first time we saw great cities squashed flat, civilians bombed and killed.
00:23:30 #212 In November 1936 the American Institute of Public Opinion known as the Gallup Poll,
00:23:35 #213 asked a representative cross-section of American people,
00:23:39 #214 if another war develops in Europe, should America take part again?
00:23:45 #215 No.
00:23:47 #216 95%. We the people had spoken. 19 out of 20 of us said, include us out. To further insulate
00:23:57 #217 ourselves we added a cash and carry amendment to the Neutrality Act. Not only wouldn't we
00:24:05 #218 sell munitions, but we wouldn't sell anything at all. Not even a spool of thread unless
00:24:11 #219 warring power sent their own ships and paid cash on the line. In 1937 the press services
00:24:19 #220 received a flash from Asia. Yes, the Japs were turning Asia into a slaughterhouse, but for
00:24:44 #221 us, Asia was still far away. In September 1937, the Gallup poll asked us, in the present
00:24:53 #222 fight between Japan and China, are your sympathies with either side? We answered with China, 43
00:25:01 #223 with Japan, 2%.
00:25:05 #224 Undecided, 55%.
00:25:08 #225 We hadn't made up our minds about China.
00:25:11 #226 Our utility act barred sales of armaments only to nations at war.
00:25:17 #227 Japanese had not declared war,
00:25:19 #228 so we went right on selling scrap iron and aviation gasoline to Japan.
00:25:24 #229 In March 1938, Hitler had not declared war either,
00:25:28 #230 war either. But his goose-depping army suddenly smashed in and occupied all the
00:25:33 #231 soil of Austria. Six months later, Hitler and his stooge met the
00:25:40 #232 anxious democracies at Munich. Hitler promised peace in our time if Britain
00:25:46 #233 and France would give him that part of Czechoslovakia known as the
00:25:50 #234 Sudetenland. Britain and France gave him that part of Czechoslovakia hoping to
00:25:57 #235 avert war. Now we had his word, peace in our time. At home we began to
00:26:08 #236 of your strange head.
00:26:39 #237 Off the United States, just as...
00:26:44 #238 We read that the Tokyo diet was appropriating tremendous sums,
00:26:48 #239 converting Japan into unbastionable emissions plants.
00:26:57 #240 We watched these supposedly poor hams for armament,
00:27:00 #241 and we wondered why.
00:27:02 #242 Harrically, they told us why.
00:27:04 #243 They had declared war on us long before the shooting started.
00:27:08 #244 We have actually been at war since the day when we
00:27:11 #245 the fact of our revolution, the democratic world.
00:27:16 #246 Germans are nobler than unique beings.
00:27:19 #247 The world was given by the Cossons.
00:27:27 #248 The world must come to look for power and for love,
00:27:31 #249 and raise the love of all nations.
00:27:39 #250 When the people of these elected to follow their leaders,
00:27:42 #251 death incorporated.
00:27:45 #252 They organized to spurs personal freedom,
00:27:48 #253 equality of man.
00:27:51 #254 freedom of speech, freedom of religion,
00:27:57 #255 organized to smash the very principles which made us the people we are.
00:28:04 #256 So in December 1938 when the Pole asked us,
00:28:08 #257 should the United States increase the strength of its army,
00:28:11 #258 navy, and air force, we answered yes, 85%. It was time to look to our defense.
00:28:20 #259 Gentlemen, the Military Affairs Committee of the United States House of Representatives
00:28:25 #260 for the purpose of considering national defense.
00:28:29 #261 The Navy is asking for an increase of 25% in authorized naval connection
00:28:39 #262 in the fuel of the grave international situation.
00:28:43 #263 Congress reflecting the void of the people,
00:28:45 #264 appropriated by the sum for military use ever voted during peace in American history.
00:28:50 #265 I mean that a few years later it would look like peanuts.
00:28:53 #266 In 1939, had all Hitler broken, he took over all the rest of Czechoslovakia.
00:29:01 #267 There was more peace in our time.
00:29:05 #268 In 1939, as we here in America observe...
00:29:09 #269 The picture was becoming clear.
00:29:26 #270 The conquering force of violence was being set loose in the world.
00:29:29 #271 Where would they stop?
00:29:31 #272 In a last desperate effort to avert a world war,
00:29:34 #273 war. President Rostow, as a new president, sent messages to Hitler and Mussolini, asking
00:29:40 #274 their promise to respect the independence of 33 countries. To add off Hitler, this
00:29:48 #275 message was a huge joke, as he repeated the names during Rackstein.
00:29:52 #276 Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, the US, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland,
00:29:59 #277 Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Russia, Bulgaria,
00:30:07 #278 Germany, Germany, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Bulgaria,
00:30:14 #279 Germany, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Bulgaria,
00:30:24 #280 Poland.
00:31:00 #281 Finland France had a treaty with Poland.
00:31:02 #282 Would they act now?
00:31:04 #283 At home we listened in suspense.
00:31:06 #284 That all-hears-all-out attack on Poland makes for long-threaded European war a certainty.
00:31:12 #285 Prime Minister Chamberlain of Great Britain gave the Nazi dictator a zero hour for withdrawing
00:31:17 #286 his troops from Poland.
00:31:19 #287 That zero hour ends now.
00:31:21 #288 At this time, we transfer you to London for an important announcement by the British
00:31:26 #289 Prime Minister.
00:31:27 #290 Up to the very last, it would have been quite possible to have arranged a peaceful and honorable
00:31:33 #291 settlement between Germany and Poland.
00:31:36 #292 Hitler would not have it.
00:31:38 #293 The situation in which no word given by Germany's ruler could be trusted, and no people or
00:31:46 #294 country could feel itself safe, had become intolerable.
00:31:51 #295 Now may God bless you all.
00:31:54 #296 And may he defend the right.
00:31:55 #297 But it is evil things that we should be fighting against.
00:31:59 #298 And against them, I am certain that the right group prevailed.
00:32:04 #299 Six hours after Great Britain declared war on Nazi Germany, the Republic of France followed.
00:32:10 #300 All France is in a male stall of activity.
00:32:13 #301 Imagine all that has already opened fire on the Germans.
00:32:16 #302 The sparring has ended. World War II has begun.
00:32:26 #303 At home we were asked, what's going on in this war?
00:32:30 #304 82%. We Americans had it.
00:32:33 #305 Also, we began to fear that this war was going to concern us.
00:32:37 #306 President Roosevelt called a special session of Congress to reconsider the embargo against selling munitions.
00:32:43 #307 I have asked the Congress to reassemble in its ordinarism
00:32:48 #308 in order that it may consider and act on changes in our neutrality law.
00:32:54 #309 The men of Congress wrestled with their beliefs and our futures.
00:32:58 #310 They debated and they argued.
00:33:01 #311 The arms embargo is far too great a security
00:33:05 #312 to American peace, to permit it surrendered
00:33:09 #313 with all they last ditched fight.
00:33:11 #314 The embargo act that now stands is one sided
00:33:16 #315 and works entirely to the advantage of one side.
00:33:20 #316 Therefore the embargo act should be modified.
00:33:23 #317 We the people also debated and argued
00:33:25 #318 whether we should sell arms and munitions.
00:33:28 #319 When the question was put to us, we had an answer.
00:33:31 #320 Should we change the neutrality act so we can sell war supplies?
00:33:37 #321 Yes, 57%.
00:33:39 #322 Shortly after, our representatives changed the neutrality act.
00:33:46 #323 We lifted the embargo on arms and munitions.
00:33:49 #324 Now we would sell if purchases would pay and take the stuff away in their own ships.
00:33:55 #325 American ships were still barred from combat zones.
00:33:59 #326 Meanwhile, on the other side of the globe,
00:34:03 #327 Japan was busy trying to bomb, shoot and terrorize the Chinese into submission.
00:34:08 #328 We began to realize that if Japan conquered 400 million Chinese,
00:34:13 #329 strong as to run us right out of the city.
00:34:17 #330 In June 1939, the same question.
00:34:21 #331 74% said we were with China.
00:34:23 #332 with China.
00:34:27 #333 The mines were made up.
00:34:29 #334 When we loaded our scrap iron on Japanese ships, our citizens protested.
00:34:34 #335 Let Mr. Atchison, Assistant Secretary of State, tell us the inside of the story.
00:34:38 #336 So until the middle of 19, the restriction of exports to Japan took form of moral embargoes
00:34:45 #337 of aeroplanes and direct munitions.
00:34:49 #338 Then Congress passed the Airport Control Act, an increasing cutoff of scrap iron, aviation
00:34:55 #339 gasoline and other strategic items followed.
00:34:58 #340 Exports were curtailed to the limit which those responsible for our defense were willing to risk.
00:35:05 #341 It was a fearful responsibility.
00:35:08 #342 On one side was the possibility, in fact the probability, that one day these materials might be used against us.
00:35:16 #343 On the other side was the possibility, in fact the probability, that to cut them off would revoke an attack
00:35:24 #344 which we were not then prepared to resist.
00:35:27 #345 Finally, in the summer of 1941,
00:35:30 #346 as it became clear that Japan was turning her back
00:35:34 #347 upon every possibility of reconciliation and adjustment,
00:35:38 #348 and was determined upon her great gamble of conquest,
00:35:42 #349 all exports ceased.
00:35:44 #350 On April 9th, 1940,
00:35:46 #351 the leaders of Nazi Germany shifted their war machine
00:35:49 #352 into high gear.
00:35:50 #353 They overran into Denmark.
00:35:52 #354 They smashed into Norway.
00:35:54 #355 On May the 10th, 1940, they blitzed into Harlem and Belgium.
00:35:59 #356 The Nazis are marching ahead at the fastest speed a conquering army has moved in all history.
00:36:05 #357 All roads in France are choked with slow moving masses of refugees.
00:36:08 #358 Nazi stupid dive bombers are scraping and bombing thousands of helpless women and children.
00:36:13 #359 Mr. Kelkinborn. Good evening everybody. Tonight it seems clearly apparent that the first great phase of the war in the west has been won by Germany.
00:36:24 #360 by Germany. The army of French and British has made a valiant battle in its effort to retreat
00:36:31 #361 to Dunkirk where there is some slight chance that some part of it can be evacuated.
00:36:36 #362 Adolf Hitler's mechanized forces are racing toward French resistance collapses.
00:36:41 #363 On this tenth day of June 1940, the hand that held the dagger has struck it into the back
00:36:54 #364 of its neighbors.
00:36:57 #365 This is William L. Shriver speaking from the forest
00:37:00 #366 of Compiens, where Adolf Hitler today
00:37:03 #367 is handing his armistice terms to France.
00:37:07 #368 It is 3.15 PM.
00:37:09 #369 Adolf Hitler strides slowly toward the little clearing.
00:37:12 #370 I can see his face.
00:37:14 #371 His gray, solemn, yet part statue of Marshall Frosch.
00:37:18 #372 Hitler, he the French walk on the avenue led
00:37:22 #373 by General Hunsinger.
00:37:24 #374 Hitler and the other German leaders rise as the French enters.
00:37:29 #375 General Kaidobo to the German armistice term.
00:37:32 #376 This whole ceremony is over in a quarter of an hour.
00:38:09 #377 I had done for you.
00:38:12 #378 The chorus of the squeaky heart was new.
00:38:23 #379 My foot hands, her heart was warm and gay.
00:38:29 #380 No matter how.
00:38:49 #381 Conquering Army now stood on the shores of the Atlantic.
00:39:01 #382 The danger was suddenly close.
00:39:03 #383 Countries conquered by the Nazis
00:39:04 #384 had possessions outside of Europe.
00:39:07 #385 These possessions are in America.
00:39:11 #386 Would the Nazis demand the French naval units
00:39:13 #387 at Martinique, would the Nazis move into the Dutch oil fields at Curacao, would the Nazis
00:39:19 #388 seize the French naval base at the car for invasion of South America?
00:39:23 #389 Already in Brazil, there were over one million Germans who lived exactly as they did in Germany.
00:39:29 #390 1,200 German schools with Nazi textbooks and Nazi teachers.
00:39:34 #391 Nazi newspapers.
00:39:36 #392 Perman-garing glider clubs had been established.
00:39:41 #393 Also in Brazil, there were 260,000 Japanese taking orders from Japan.
00:39:46 #394 In Ecuador, with an easy bombing range of the Panama Canal, German airlines had been established.
00:39:52 #395 German pilots were reserve officers of the Luftwaffe.
00:39:55 #396 The German transport planes had bomb racks already built in.
00:40:00 #397 In Argentina, German athletic clubs similar to the Hitler Youth Movement had been organized
00:40:05 #398 exclusively for Germans.
00:40:08 #399 was a fifth column ready to take over. In Havana, we met with 20 other American
00:40:17 #400 republics. There must not be a shadow of a doubt anywhere as to the determination
00:40:24 #401 of the American nations not to permit the invasion of their hemisphere by the
00:40:31 #402 armed forces of any power or any possible combination of powers. 20 American
00:40:38 #403 nation stood firm. The Americas would not allow any European colony in this
00:40:43 #404 hemisphere to be transferred to a non-American power. We said keep out. We
00:40:48 #405 met it. We must increase production facilities for everything needed for the
00:40:55 #406 Army and Navy for national defense. I believe that this nation should plan at
00:41:01 #407 At this time, a program that will provide us with 50,000 military and naval planes.
00:41:10 #408 To protect our shores, we authorized construction of a two ocean navy, the greatest of worlds
00:41:15 #409 has ever known.
00:41:16 #410 At least it would be the greatest navy when completed in 1944.
00:41:21 #411 But then, in 1940, it was only a paper navy.
00:41:25 #412 Our fighting forces at that time consisted of an army of 187,000 men, a navy of 120,000,
00:41:33 #413 and this dot was the air corps 22,387 strong.
00:41:37 #414 All told, 330,000 men.
00:41:41 #415 We had makeshift supplies, makeshift equipment, stovepipes for cannon, bags of flour for bombs,
00:41:51 #416 and trucks were labeled tanks.
00:41:58 #417 Our infantry had exactly 488 machine guns.
00:42:02 #418 We possessed 235 pieces of field artillery,
00:42:05 #419 10 light and 18 medium tanks.
00:42:08 #420 That was the Army of the United States in May 1940,
00:42:12 #421 the month in which the Nazis overran France.
00:42:15 #422 So we called our Minutemen, the National Guard,
00:42:18 #423 to the 48 states and placed them into federal service.
00:42:27 #424 And most important, Congress passed the Selective Service
00:42:30 #425 Act.
00:42:31 #426 For the first time in our history, we began mobilizing an army while still at peace.
00:42:36 #427 The first number is serial number 158.
00:42:42 #428 This is the army, Mr. Joe.
00:42:46 #429 The second number, which has just been drawn, is 192.
00:43:04 #430 This is the army, Mr. Green.
00:43:08 #431 We like America, but she won't help you up anymore.
00:43:19 #432 It wasn't too soon. Time was running out. The Nazis had begun their shattering blitz on
00:43:59 #433 Britain. Hello America. This is Edward Murrow speaking from London. There were more German
00:44:07 #434 planes over the coast of Britain today than at any time since the war began. And the
00:44:12 #435 aircraft guns were in action along the southeast coast today. Back on Main Street, USA. Daily
00:44:30 #436 we followed Britain's life struggle.
00:44:32 #437 For if Britain died, we would be in grave pain.
00:44:35 #438 Our first line of defense in the Atlantic,
00:44:37 #439 the British fleet, might go to Nazi Germany.
00:44:40 #440 We would be unprotected, our shores, our people,
00:44:43 #441 our homes in danger.
00:44:46 #442 Britain must not fall.
00:44:49 #443 In our harbors, idle and rotting lay ancient destroyers.
00:44:53 #444 They had been built for World War I,
00:44:55 #445 but this was World War II, and this gave us an idea.
00:44:59 #446 Fifty-tired over-aged destroyers were revitalized, transferred to Great Britain.
00:45:07 #447 In return, we acquired further protection of our shores.
00:45:10 #448 We received a chain of bases stretching from Newfoundland to British Vienna.
00:45:16 #449 These bases threw a steel wall around the Caribbean.
00:45:20 #450 These bases gave new safety to the Panama Canal.
00:45:24 #451 It was now clear to the aggressors that we were conscious of the threat they represented to our country.
00:45:31 #452 Mr. Burley, Assistant Secretary of State, will tell us how they got together and tried to scare us off.
00:45:37 #453 From 1936 on, it became increasingly clear to the world that Germany, Italy and Japan were pursuing a common pattern of aggression,
00:45:49 #454 both in Europe and in the Far East.
00:45:52 #455 On September 27, 1940, these three powers
00:45:57 #456 signed the so-called Pact of Berlin,
00:46:00 #457 or tripartite pact,
00:46:03 #458 a Treaty of Far-Reaching Alliance.
00:46:07 #459 By that treaty, it was provided
00:46:10 #460 that the three countries would assist one another
00:46:13 #461 with all political, economic, and military means
00:46:18 #462 means, when one of the powers was attacked,
00:46:22 #463 no particularly the use of the word attack,
00:46:25 #464 by a power not then involved in the European war
00:46:30 #465 or in the Chinese Chaplain fleet.
00:46:33 #466 The last of these provisions was aimed directly
00:46:37 #467 at the United States.
00:46:39 #468 Tokyo Celebration, Sanchez.
00:46:55 #469 Berlin hiled its self-force.
00:47:00 #470 It is clear now that the three Axis countries definitely stood against this.
00:47:04 #471 More anxious than ever, we watched the life and death struggle for the possession of the skies over Britain.
00:47:09 #472 Despite the propaganda and confusion of recent months, it is now obvious that England is losing more.
00:47:36 #473 England will not only survive, England will win.
00:47:41 #474 So, when we were asked, should we keep out of war or aid Britain even at the risk of war?
00:47:59 #475 A. Britain, even at the risk of war, 68%.
00:48:04 #476 The March of Congress, the self-term master races, changed out in war.
00:48:09 #477 To 1941, twenty out of twenty Americans were willing to risk war
00:48:14 #478 if war was necessary to ensure Axis defeat.
00:48:18 #479 I've asked this Congress for authority and for funds.
00:48:23 #480 sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war supplies of many kinds to be turned over to
00:48:31 #481 those nations which are now in actual war with aggressor nations. Our most useful and immediate
00:48:40 #482 role is to act as an arsenal for them as well as for ourselves. We shall send in ever increasing
00:48:50 #483 numbers.
00:48:52 #484 Ships, planes, tanks, guns.
00:48:55 #485 That is our purpose and our pledge.
00:48:59 #486 By an overwhelming majority, Congress passed Len Lease, bill number 1776, another declaration
00:49:07 #487 of independence, Independence and tyranny, 1941 style.
00:49:14 #488 On April 6, 1941, the Nazi juggernaut overran into Yugoslavia and Greece.
00:49:24 #489 On June 22, 1941, the success-crazy Nazis took their longest step toward world conquest.
00:49:31 #490 Without any declaration of war, they blitzed into Russia.
00:49:41 #491 We were determined not to let down any nations defending themselves against unprovoked attack.
00:49:47 #492 So we extended land lease to these new victims.
00:49:51 #493 Now the land lease products of our factories were being unloaded in the bomb ports of Great Britain,
00:49:58 #494 at the Red Sea porch for the British in Africa.
00:50:02 #495 Lend-Lease was being hauled over the Burma Road to China.
00:50:06 #496 Lend-Lease was piling up in Marmanx and Iran for Russia.
00:50:14 #497 Why did we supply war materials
00:50:16 #498 to the countries defending themselves
00:50:17 #499 against Axis aggression?
00:50:19 #500 Was it our natural sympathies for people
00:50:21 #501 unwilling to lose their freedom?
00:50:24 #502 Was it our ancient antagonism to conquerors
00:50:26 #503 imposing their rule on others by force?
00:50:30 #504 Yes, partly, but principally it was because the American people had become certain that
00:50:36 #505 they were on the list of free nations to be conquered.
00:50:39 #506 Two worlds are in conflict.
00:50:41 #507 Two philosophies apply.
00:50:43 #508 One of these two worlds must break asunder.
00:50:47 #509 And we were the leading example of that free world that Hitler was committed to breaking
00:50:51 #510 asunder.
00:50:52 #511 What would have been our defensive position if the aggressors had succeeded in conquering
00:50:58 #512 Britain, Russia, and China.
00:51:04 #513 German conquest of Europe and Africa
00:51:07 #514 would bring all their raw materials,
00:51:09 #515 plus their entire industrial development,
00:51:12 #516 under one control.
00:51:15 #517 Of the 2 billion people in the world,
00:51:18 #518 the Nazis would rule roughly one quarter.
00:51:20 #519 The 500 million people of Europe and Africa
00:51:24 #520 forced into slavery to labor for Germany.
00:51:29 #521 The German conquest of Russia would add the vast raw materials and the production facilities
00:51:35 #522 of another of the world's industrial area.
00:51:38 #523 Under those people, another 200 million would be added to the Nazi labor pile.
00:51:44 #524 Japanese conquest of the Oriole would pour into their factory the almost unlimited
00:51:49 #525 resources of that area.
00:51:52 #526 Under the peoples of the earth, a thousand million would come under their rule.
00:51:58 #527 for their industrial machine.
00:52:03 #528 We in North and South America would be left with the raw materials of three tenths of the Earth's surface
00:52:10 #529 against the axes with the resources of seven tenths.
00:52:14 #530 We would have one industrial region against their three industrial regions.
00:52:19 #531 We would have one eighth of the world's population against their seven eighths.
00:52:25 #532 If we together with the other nations of North and South America
00:52:29 #533 could mobilize 30 million fully equipped men,
00:52:32 #534 the Axis could mobilize 200 buss and ax and virtually
00:52:36 #535 so ten times stronger than ourselves.
00:52:40 #536 These are the reasons that led us, the American people,
00:52:42 #537 to change the neutrality act, to send aid to Britain,
00:52:48 #538 to Russia, to China, to make ourselves
00:52:51 #539 the arsenal of democracy.
00:52:55 #540 These are the reasons why now the first American troops
00:52:58 #541 set forth into the Atlantic.
00:53:00 #542 to occupy new bases in Greenland and Iceland with the consent of their local governments.
00:53:06 #543 In our hands, bases of defense. In Nazi hands, bases of office.
00:53:12 #544 The Germans open unrestricted separate warfare.
00:53:24 #545 If today our Navy should make secure the seas for the delivery of our munitions to Great Britain,
00:53:52 #546 It will render as great a service to our country and to the preservation of American freedom
00:54:00 #547 as it has ever rendered in all its glorious history.
00:54:04 #548 We want those cargos protected.
00:54:11 #549 Now, Rouse Congress repealed the entire neutrality act.
00:54:14 #550 We armed our merchants, and for the first time they steamed up the combat zones to deliver land lease.
00:54:24 #551 While this was going on in the Atlantic, the Japs, by so-called agreement with the puppet
00:54:29 #552 government of defeated France, moved in on Indochina.
00:54:41 #553 There were now only two threats to their plan for conquest of greater East Asia.
00:54:47 #554 First was their northern neighbor, Russia, the only military power within striking distance
00:54:51 #555 of Japan.
00:54:52 #556 The Nazis were taking care of Russia.
00:54:56 #557 The second threat to Japanese conquest was us.
00:55:00 #558 The Southwood expansion was too dangerous to attempt with our bases still standing in the Philippines,
00:55:05 #559 and our supply lines opened to wake, to midway, and to our way.
00:55:10 #560 We were in their way. We had to be removed, but as a Japanese way.
00:55:15 #561 Off to Washington went Special Ambassador Curacao on what the Jap said was a mission of peace,
00:55:21 #562 but carefully synchronized with his departure of a Jap task force
00:55:25 #563 on the seal orders plopped on a mission of peace.
00:55:29 #564 On November 14th, Mr. Kurisu arrived in San Francisco, smiling his toothy smile as he sang the old song of Japanese friendship.
00:55:39 #565 Japanese were a peace-loving people. Their whole policy was devoted to the establishment of permanent peace in Asia.
00:55:46 #566 Our aid to China was delaying the establishment of that peace. Our refusal to sell them oil and scrap was interfering with the establishment of that peace.
00:55:55 #567 that peace. Our objections to their taking over the East Indies, Greater East Asia was
00:56:00 #568 an interruption in the establishment of that peace. All they wanted was peace.
00:56:06 #569 On November 17, Mr. Kuruso and Japanese Ambassador Nomura were received by the President in the
00:56:12 #570 presence of the Secretary of State Cordell Hall. It very quickly became clear that
00:56:18 #571 the Japanese had brought no new proposals and that the Japanese intended to continue
00:56:23 #572 their campaign to conquer China and all East Asia.
00:56:27 #573 However, on November 26, our Secretary of State
00:56:31 #574 presented the Japanese with the basis for peaceful agreement between the two nations.
00:56:35 #575 The proposal was forwarded to Tokyo.
00:56:38 #576 The Japs had to stall for time, but only a short time.
00:56:43 #577 The task force was nearing its goal.
00:56:47 #578 Sunday, December 7, 1941.
00:56:50 #579 One people, eastern standard time.
00:56:53 #580 The Japanese emissaries are expected at the State Department
00:56:56 #581 for one o'clock appointment they had requested
00:57:21 #582 in order to their answer our proposals.
00:57:23 #583 One p.m.
00:57:25 #584 The Japanese planes approaching Hawaii.
00:57:27 #585 One ten p.m.
00:57:29 #586 The Japanese emissaries telephoned
00:57:31 #587 to postpone their appointment until one forty-five.
00:57:34 #588 One twenty p.m.
00:57:41 #589 The Japanese emissaries called
00:57:43 #590 to postpone their appointment until one forty-five.
00:57:46 #591 One twenty p.m. two p.m.
00:59:03 #592 The Japanese envoys smiling and correct arrive at the State Department.
00:59:08 #593 Two twenty p.m.
00:59:32 #594 The Americans had been sowing death and destruction for an hour on America outposts in the Pacific
00:59:37 #595 when the Japanese envoys presented a memorandum to Mr. Ho.
00:59:41 #596 Here is the memorandum which I have it to me.
00:59:47 #597 As you can see, it is quite a lengthy document.
00:59:51 #598 I read it hurriedly, discovering that it contained a recital of monstrous accusations against the
01:00:01 #599 United States, charging it, among other things, with, quote,
01:00:08 #600 scheming for the extension of the war, preparing to attack Germany and Italy,
01:00:15 #601 to power striving to establish a new order in Europe,
01:00:19 #602 and ignoring Japan's sacrifices in the four years of the China of that,
01:00:25 #603 menacing the empire's existence itself, and disparaging its honor and prestige.
01:00:33 #604 After reading the note, I said to the Japanese emissaries,
01:00:38 #605 I have never seen a document that was more crowded with infamous thoughts and
01:00:44 #606 distortions on a scale so huge that I never imagined that any government on this
01:00:53 #607 planet was capable of uttering them.
01:00:57 #608 I ask that the Congress declare the
01:01:25 #609 unprovoked and dastardly attacked by Japan on Sunday December 7th, 1914.
01:01:36 #610 A state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.